Node Energy Based Approach to Improve Network Lifetime and Throughput in Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy consumption is the one of the most important issue in wireless sensor networks. To improve the network lifetime energy consumption in the network must be less. In this paper, a cluster based approach is proposed to increase the network lifetime and throughput of the heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. The proposed approach combined the direct data transmission to base station with the cluster head transmission of data in wireless sensor networks. The proposed scheme uses the twice energy for advanced nodes in comparison to normal nodes. In the proposed approach, it is observed that results are found good with the use of 10 % of advanced nodes along with normal nodes in the network. However, on further increasing the advanced node deployment beyond deployment 30%, network lifetime and throughput of network start degrading. So, the proposed solution with 10% advanced node may be considered as the best suitable and acceptable solution for better network throughput and life time in WSNs

Comparison and Analysis on AI Based Data Aggregation Techniques in Wireless Networks

In modern era WSN, data aggregation technique is the challenging area for researchers from long time. Numbers of researchers have proposed neural network (NN) and fuzzy logic based data aggregation methods in Wireless Environment. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the existing work on artificial intelligence (AI) based data aggregation techniques in WSNs. An attempt has been made to identify the strength and weakness of AI based techniques.In addition to this, a modified protocol is designed and developed.And its implementation also compared with other existing approaches ACO and PSO. Proposed approach is better in terms of network lifetime and throughput of the networks. In future an attempt can be made to overcome the existing challenges during data aggregation in WSN using different AI and Meta heuristic based techniques

Formulações de iscas de moluscicidas e seus efeitos sobre as alterações bioquímicas no ovoteste do caramujo Lymnaea acuminata (Mollusca;Gastropoda:Lymnaeidae)

The effect of sub-lethal feeding of bait formulations containing molluscicidal component of Ferula asafoetida (ferulic acid, umbelliferone), Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) and Carum carvi (limonene) on biochemical changes in the ovotestis of snail Lymnaea acuminata were studied. Bait formulations feeding to L. acuminata were studied in clear glass aquaria having diameter of 30 cm. Baits were prepared from different binary combinations of attractant amino acid (valine, aspartic acid, lysine and alanine 10 mM) in 100 mL of 2% agar solution + sub-lethal (20% and 60% of 24h LC50) doses of different molluscicides (ferulic acid, umbelliferone, eugenol and limonene). These baits caused maximum significant reduction in free amino acid, protein, DNA, RNA levels i.e. 41.37, 23.56, 48.36 and 14.29% of control in the ovotestis of the snail, respectively. Discontinuation of feeding after treatment of 60% of 96h LC50 of molluscicide containing bait for next 72h caused a significant recovery in free amino acid, protein, DNA and RNA levels in the ovotestis of L. acuminata.Foi estudado o efeito subletal das iscas usadas para alimentação contendo componentes moluscicidas de Ferula asafoetida (ácido ferúlico, umbeliferone), Syzygium aromaticum (eugenol) e Carum carvi (limonene) nas alterações bioquímicas do ovoteste do caramujo Lymnaea acuminata. A formulação das iscas usadas para alimentar L. acuminata foi estudada em aquários de vidros transparentes de diâmetro de 30 cm. As iscas foram preparadas por combinações diferentes binárias de aminoácidos (valina, ácido aspártico, lisina e alanina 10 mM) em 100 mL de solução de agar a 2% + doses subletais (20% e 60% durante 24 horas LC50) de diferentes moluscicidas (ácido ferúlico, umbeliferone, eugenol e limonene). Estas iscas causaram redução significante máxima em aminoácidos livres, proteínas, níveis de DNA e RNA isto é 41,37%, 23,56%, 48,36% e 14,29% de controle no ovoteste do caramujo, respectivamente. Discontinuação da alimentação depois do tratamento de 60% de 96 horas de LC50 do moluscicida contendo a isca para as subsequentes 72 horas causou significante recuperação dos níveis de aminoácidos livres, proteína, DNA e RNA no ovoteste da L. acuminata

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Influences Oxidative Stress in Tomato Plants in Drought Stress

ABSTRACT The present investigation has several aspects related to drought tolerance in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) tomato plants. The study included both shoot and root tissues in order to reveal the preferred target tissue for AM effects against drought stress. Non-AM and AM soybean plants were grown under well-watered or drought-stressed conditions, and oxidative damage to lipids, and other parameters were determined. Results showed that AM plants were protected against drought, as shown by their significantly higher shoot and root biomass production. These results showed that AMF inoculation stimulated growth and enhanced drought tolerance of tomato plants through changes in morphological, physiological and biochemical traits. This symbiosis might be an effective cultivation practice in improving the yield and development for tomato plants

In vitro PHYTOTHERAPY OF VECTOR SNAILS BY BINARY COMBINATIONS OF LARVICIDAL ACTIVE COMPONENTS IN EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF FASCIOLIASIS

SUMMARY A food-borne trematode infection fascioliasis is one among common public health problems worldwide. It caused a great economic loss for the human race. Control of snail population below a certain threshold level is one of the important methods in the campaign to reduce the incidence of fascioliasis. The life cycle of the parasite can be interrupted by killing the snail or Fasciola larva redia and cercaria inside of the snail Lymnaea acuminata. In vitro toxicity of different binary combinations (1:1 ratio) of plant-derived larvicidal active components such as citral, ferulic acid, umbelliferone, azadirachtin and allicin against Fasciola redia and cercaria were tested. The mortality of larvae was observed at 2h, 4h, 6h and 8h of treatment. In in vitro condition azadirachtin + allicin (1:1 ratio) was highly toxic against redia and cercaria (8h LC50 0.006 and 0.005 mg/L). Toxicity of citral + ferulic acid was lowest against redia and cercaria larvae.RESUMO A infecção alimentar pelo trematóide da fasciolíase é uma dentre os mais comuns problemas de saúde pública mundiais, causando grande prejuízo econômico para a humanidade. Controle da população de caramujos abaixo de determinado nível é um dos métodos no campo mais importantes para a redução da incidência da fasciolíase. O ciclo de vida do parasita pode ser interrompido pela morte do caramujo ou da larva redia e cercária da Fasciola dentro da Lymnaea acuminata. Foi testada a toxicidade in vitro das diferentes combinações binárias (relação 1:1) entre os vários componentes larvicidas ativos da planta tais como citral, ácido ferúlico, umbeliferone, azadiractina, e alicina contra a Fasciola redia e a cercária. A mortalidade das larvas foi observada após duas, quatro, seis e oito horas de tratamento. A condição in vitro azadiractina + alicina (relação 1:1) foi altamente tóxica contra redia e cercária (8h LC50 0,006 e 0,005 mg/L). Toxicidade do citral + ácido ferúlico foi a mais baixa contra redia e larvas de cercária

Attitude towards Health and Fitness of Middle Age and Old Age Citizens of Gwalior

Purpose: -The purpose of the study was to assess the Attitude towards Health and Fitness among Middle and old age Citizens of Gwalior Methodology:- Selection of Subjects: - One Hundred male and female middle and old age walkers from different part of Gwalior were randomly selected as subjects for the study. The average age of the subjects was 40 to 80 years. Criterion Variables: - A self-constructed attitude questionnaire was used as tool. Statistical Technique: - Descriptive statistics i.e. percentile method was used. Results:- it was fund that 87% people walk, Run, and Exercise for better health, 80% for physical fitness, 34% for overcoming aging, 49% for improving digestion, 14% for leisure time recreation, 19% to meet his friends, 9% for time pass, 30% to rehabilitate diabetes, 24% to rehabilitate blood pressure, 23% to overcome heart disease, 29% to overcome arthritis, 5% to show as social status, 7% to discuss local politics, 63% to get fresh air, and 8% to overcome asthma, 48% people come which believe that walking, running, jogging exercise, or yoga is good for improving physical health, 36% for improving mental health, 24% for improving emotional health, 13% for improving social health, 67% for improving total health, 85% people are in favour of implementing Physical Education, Sports and Yoga for All level of Education, 88% people give his your opinion that govt. should provide good parks for exercise for citizens, 90% people believe that Indian politicians should be physically fit like European countries politicians, and 93% people believe that India need to have more sports grounds than hospitals. Conclusion: - Healthy people generally maintain positive attitudes toward fitness. It was concluded that mostly people walk, Run, and do Exercise for better health, and come to walk for remaining themselves physical fit, and every people should involve in Physical activity

Improved Seismic Imaging through Prestack Depth Migration using Synthetic Seismic Data

A necessary requirement for a reliable seismic depth imaging is to have an accurate estimation of the earth velocity model. Seismic depth imaging fundamentally consists of computation of two way travel time and downward extrapolation of the observed wave field through a suitable algorithm. The Prestack velocity analysis and model building tools need to be combined to obtain an accurate velocity model. The methodology involves interval velocity building using coherency inversion and picking of residual moveout to get the updated velocity model. The Prestack depth migration (PSDM) is then performed with this refined velocity model. The results from the Prestack time migration (PSTM) and PSDM using 3D synthetic seismic data are discussed

A study on Morphological and Mechanical Characterization of Al-4032/SiC/GP Hybrid Composites

The pattern of metal matrix composites can be enhanced by integrating the concept of hybrid metal matrix composite to produce newer engineering materials with improved properties. The morphological and mechanical characteristics of Al-4032/SiC/GP hybrid composites have been investigated. The aluminium alloy (Al-4032) based hybrid composites have been fabricated through the bottom pouring stir casting set up, by reinforcing the silicon carbide (SiC) and granite powder ceramic particles as the reinforcement material at various fraction levels i.e. 0, 3, 6, 9 weight% in equal proportion. The reinforcement particle size is up to 54μm. The microstructural characterization of the hybrid composite samples has been carried out using an optical microscope, SEM, and XRD. The study reveals that the reinforcement hybrid particles (SiC + GP) are almost uniformly distributed throughout the matrix phase. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, impact strength, and microhardness) of the hybrid composite samples have been obtained and found to be better than the unreinforced alloy.